Distributive justice and equity in resource allocation: a temporal analysis of hospitalization costs in indigenous populations in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, the health needs of each region have an impact. In this context and the name of the principle of equity, the SUS organizes actions especially aimed at social groups such as the elderly, children, pregnant women, and indigenous peoples. The concept of justice proposed by John Rawls is one of equity, which is essential to this country. METHODS: This is an ecological, descriptive study, which analyzed hospital spending on cardiovascular diseases in the Unified Health System (SUS) among the indigenous elderly population and other ethnicities/colors in Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. RESULTS: Hospitalization costs and fatality rates for indigenous populations and other colors/ethnicities, between 2010 and 2019, were evaluated. A reduction in hospitalization costs for the indigenous population and an increase in other populations was observed throughout the historical series, while there was an increase in fatality rates for both groups. A comparison was made between hospitalization costs and the fatality rates of indigenous populations and other colors/ethnicities according to sex, between 2010 and 2019. It was observed that regardless of sex, there are significant differences (p<0.05) between hospitalization costs and fatality rates, with higher costs for patients of other colors/ethnicities and higher fatality rates for the indigenous population. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalization costs due to cardiovascular diseases in elderly people from indigenous populations were lower compared to other ethnicities in most federative units, which may suggest an unequal allocation of resources or access for this indigenous population to the SUS. Although there is no strong correlation between spending on hospital admissions and fatality rates, it was found that these rates increased between 2010 and 2019, while spending was reduced.

The economic impact of stroke in Brazil, 2010-2019: Increase in public expenses of Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVES: To economically analyze the impact that outpatient and inpatient spending of the Unified Health System and social security expenses of the General Regime of Social Security generated to the Brazilian public system, between 2010 and 2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational research, in which public data from the SUS Department of Informatics and the Social Security Historical Database were used, according to 10ª International Classification of Diseases code, I-64 (Stroke, not specified if hemorrhagic or ischemic). The Kruskal-Wallis test, complemented by Dunn's post-hoc test, and Spearman's bivariate correlation test were used to check for differences and correlations between variables. The expenditures were adjusted for inflation for the year 2019 and presented in american dollar s(U$). RESULTS: Stroke public spending impacted an average of 120 million dollars per year and increased 15% during the historical series. Eighty-nine percent of these expenditures originated from hospital spending (p<0.05). On average, stroke accounted for 7.3% of spending on cardiovascular diseases and 0.72% of spending on the other codes of 10ª International Classification of Diseases. Total spending showed a positive correlation with the historical series (r=.702; p<0.05), with the increase in the elderly population (over 60 years of age) (r=.676; p<0.05) and with Gross Domestic Product per capita (r=.784; p<0,05). CONCLUSIONS: The impact that stroke generated on public spending increased over the historical series, mainly due to hospital spending and by the prospect of increasing elderly population in Brazil, public spending tends to rise.

Equity in health and justice: a look at the Brazilian unified health system (SUS) from the perspective of John Rawls

This study addresses the issue of equity in health and justice from the perspective of public health bioethics, describing the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), equating legitimate interests for essential goods, such as health. The conception of John Rawls' theory of justice is "justice as fairness" and has a seventeenth century contractualism tenor. Although it was not conceived specifically for health and marked by the "difference principle", it promoted, in the field of health care, the institution of health systems created on the basis of universal access and equity in the distribution of scarce resources. The principles of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) guarantee access to all levels of care, equality in health care, without distinctions or privileges of any kind, integrity in health care, free of charge, community participation and decentralization, regionalization and hierarchization of health actions and services, which gives the SUS a strong Rawlsian bias. The Brazilian model was built on the principle that health is a right of all and a duty of the State, therefore, it is based on the assumption of universal and equal access to health actions and services for its promotion and recovery.

Este estudio aborda el tema equidad en salud y justicia desde la perspectiva de la bioética de la salud pública, describiendo el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, equiparando intereses legítimos por los bienes esenciales, como la salud. La concepción de la teoría de justicia de John Rawls es la "justicia como equidad" y tiene un tenor de contractualismo del siglo XVII. Aunque no fue concebida específicamente para la salud y marcada por el "principio de la diferencia", impulsó, en el ámbito de la atención sanitaria, la institución de sistemas de salud creados sobre la base del acceso universal y la equidad en la distribución de recursos escasos. Los principios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño garantizan el acceso para todos los niveles asistenciales, igualdad en la atención a la salud, sin distinciones ni privilegios de ningún tipo, integridad en la asistencia a la salud, gratuidad, participación comunitaria y una descentralización, regionalización y jerarquización de las acciones y servicios de salud, lo que da al SUS un fuerte sesgo rawlsiano. El modelo brasileño se construyó sobre el principio de que la salud es un derecho de todos y un deber del Estado, por lo tanto, se basa en el supuesto del acceso universal e igualitario a las acciones y servicios de salud para su promoción y recuperación.

Este estudo aborda a questão da equidade em saúde e da justiça sob a perspectiva da bioética da saúde pública, descrevendo o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), equiparando interesses legítimos para bens essenciais, como a saúde. A concepção da teoria da justiça de John Rawls é "justiça como equidade" e tem um teor contratualista do século XVII. Embora não tenha sido concebida especificamente para a saúde e marcada pelo "princípio da diferença", ela promoveu, no campo da assistência à saúde, a instituição de sistemas de saúde criados com base no acesso universal e na equidade na distribuição de recursos escassos. Os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) garantem o acesso a todos os níveis de atenção, a igualdade na assistência à saúde, sem distinções ou privilégios de qualquer espécie, a integralidade na assistência à saúde, a gratuidade, a participação da comunidade e a descentralização, regionalização e hierarquização das ações e serviços de saúde, o que confere ao SUS um forte viés rawlsiano. O modelo brasileiro foi construído com base no princípio de que a saúde é um direito de todos e um dever do Estado, portanto, parte do pressuposto do acesso universal e igualitário às ações e serviços de saúde para sua promoção e recuperação.

Analysis of the costs of the basic care line for sickle cell disease in Brazilian children under 5 years of age

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and estimate the cost of basic care in sickle cell disease (SCD) for patients under five years of age, within the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS) and to discuss the costs related to possible complications of the disease from the literature. Methods: The main management and conduct recommendations in the SCD up to five years of age, with healthy and baseline health status, were extracted from the Basic Guidelines of the Care Line in the SCD of the Ministry of Health. Systematic data regarding costs of medicines were extracted from the Medicine Market Regulation Chamber. The SUS Table of Procedures, Medicines and Orthotics, Prosthetics and Auxiliary Means of Movement Management System was the guide for the values of complementary exams, as well as for medical consultations. The values applied to calculate the vaccination schedule were extracted from the Pan American Health Organization, adopting the perspective of the SUS-paying costs. Results: The total cost obtained for basic care of SCD in children up to five years of age, including the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, immunizations and the performance of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the prevention and early detection of cerebrovascular accidents was, on average, $1020.96. Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis in SCD, up to five years of age, exceeds the expenses resulting from hospitalizations due to complications of the disease. The study of expenses associated with SCD could be used to establish public policies, improve prevention strategies and treat the symptoms and complications of the disease.

Breast cancer survival and the health system in Brazil: an analysis of public and private healthcare.

Background: The incidence of breast cancer is increasing globally; however, survival outcomes vary and are lower in developing countries. Methods: We analyzed the 5- and 10-year survival rates for breast cancer according to the type of healthcare insurance (public vs. private) in a referral center for cancer care in the Brazilian southeast region. This hospital-based cohort study included 517 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2003 and 2005. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the probability of survival, and the Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess prognostic factors. Results: The 5- and 10-year breast cancer survival rates were as follows: private healthcare service survival rate of 80.6% (95% CI 75.0-85.0) and 71.5% (95% CI 65.4-77.1), respectively, and public healthcare service survival rate of 68.5% (95% CI 62.5-73.8) and 58.5% (95% CI 52.1-64.4), respectively. The main factors associated with the worst prognosis were lymph node involvement in both healthcare services and tumor size >2 cm only in public health services. The use of hormone therapy (private) and radiotherapy (public) was associated with the best survival rates. Conclusions: The survival discrepancies found between health services can be explained mainly by the difference in the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis, indicating inequalities in access to the early detection of breast cancer.

Trabecular microbypass as replacement therapy in pharmacologically controlled open-angle glaucoma patients / Implante de by-pass trabecular como alternativa aos colírios em portadores de glaucoma de ângulo aberto controlados com tratamento clínico

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the outcomes of the trabecular bypass as replacement therapy for medications in pharmacologically controlled vs. pharmacologically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study of eyes treated with first- (iStent) or second-generation (iStent inject) trabecular bypass. Group 1 consisted of eyes with pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure <18 mmHg and Group 2 consisted of eyes with pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure ≥18 mmHg. The main outcomes measured were qualified (with or without medications) and unqualified or complete (without medications) success rates at different target intraocular pressures, mean reduction (%) in medication use, and proportion of medication-free eyes. Results: The mean age was 70.4 years in Group 1 (n=105) and 68.1 years in Group 2 (n=65). Qualified success rates for intraocular pressure <18 mmHg, intraocular pressure <15 mmHg, and intraocular pressure <12 mmHg were similar between the groups (Group 1: 96.2%, 88.6%, and 32.4%, respectively; Group 2: 93.8%, 78.5%, and 21.5%, respectively; all p>0.05). Complete success rates were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2: for intraocular pressure <18 mmHg (76.2% vs. 47.7%), intraocular pressure <15 mmHg (73.3% vs. 40.0%), and intraocular pressure <12 mmHg (14.3% vs. 4.6%). The mean reduction in medication use was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. At the end of follow-up, 79.0% of eyes in Group 1 and 47.7% of eyes in Group 2 became medication-free. Conclusions: Both groups showed high qualified success rates, but eyes with baseline pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure <18 mmHg showed higher complete success rates and greater chances of achieving no need for medications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados dos implantes de by-pass trabecular como terapia de substituição aos colírios em pacientes com glaucoma de ângulo aberto controlados com medicação vs. não controlados com medicação. Métodos: Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de olhos submetidos a cirurgia de implante de by-pass trabecular de primeira (iStent) ou segunda geração (iStent inject). O Grupo 1 consistiu em olhos com pressão intraocular medicada <18 mmHg e o Grupo 2 consistiu em olhos com pressão intraocular medicada ≥18 mmHg. Os principais desfechos foram as taxas de sucesso relativo (com ou sem medicamentos) e completo (sem medicamentos) em diferentes pressões intraoculares-alvo, redução média (%) no uso de medicamentos e proporção de olhos sem medicamentos. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 70,4 anos no Grupo 1 (n=105) e 68,1 anos no Grupo 2 (n=65). As taxas de sucesso relativo para pressão intraocular <18 mmHg, pressão intraocular <15 mmHg e pressão intraocular <12 mmHg foram semelhantes entre os grupos (Grupo 1: 96,2%, 88,6% e 32,4%, respectivamente; Grupo 2: 93,8%, 78,5% e 21,5%, respectivamente; todos p>0,05). As taxas de sucesso completo foram significativa mente maiores no Grupo 1 do que no Grupo 2: pressão intraocular <18 mmHg (76,2% vs. 47,7%); pressão intraocular <15 mmHg (73,3% vs. 40%); pressão intraocular <12 mmHg (14,3% vs. 4,6%). A redução média no uso de medicamentos foi maior no Grupo 1 do que no Grupo 2. Ao final do acompanhamento, 79,0% dos olhos do Grupo 1 e 47,7% dos olhos do Grupo 2 estavam livres medicamentos. Conclusões: Ambos os grupos mostraram altas taxas de sucesso relativo, mas olhos com pressão intraocular medicada pré-operatória <18 mmHg apresentaram taxas de sucesso completo mais elevadas, bem como maiores chances de se tornarem livres de medicamentos para glaucoma.

Ethnic-Regional Differences in the Allocation of High Complexity Spending in Brazil: Time Analysis 2010-2019.

The following paper presents as a research problem the ethnic-regional differences in the allocation of high complexity spending in Brazil in an analysis from 2010 to 2019. This is a descriptive research in which a generalized linear model (GLM) was developed to analyze these hospital expenditures with high complexity procedures. The total spending on high complexity procedures in Brazil has increased over the past decade. The study shows that the lowest average expenditures are found in the North and Northeast regions. When comparing the spending between different ethnicities, it was observed that the only decrease between the years 2010 and 2019 was in the amount spent on procedures in indigenous people. The spending on male patients was significantly higher compared to female patients. The highest expenditures, on the other hand, are concentrated in the regions of state capitals favoring the strengthening of hub municipalities. Geographic inequalities in access still persist, even with most states already offering almost all procedures. The Brazilian territory is very heterogeneous and needs to organize its health system by regions, therefore integrated public policies and economic and social development are urgently needed.

Trabecular microbypass as replacement therapy in pharmacologically controlled open-angle glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the outcomes of the trabecular bypass as replacement therapy for medications in pharmacologically controlled vs. pharmacologically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of eyes treated with first- (iStent) or second-generation (iStent inject) trabecular bypass. Group 1 consisted of eyes with pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure <18 mmHg and Group 2 consisted of eyes with pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure ≥18 mmHg. The main outcomes measured were qualified (with or without medications) and unqualified or complete (without medications) success rates at different target intraocular pressures, mean reduction (%) in medication use, and proportion of medication-free eyes. RESULTS: The mean age was 70.4 years in Group 1 (n=105) and 68.1 years in Group 2 (n=65). Qualified success rates for intraocular pressure <18 mmHg, intraocular pressure <15 mmHg, and intraocular pressure <12 mmHg were similar between the groups (Group 1: 96.2%, 88.6%, and 32.4%, respectively; Group 2: 93.8%, 78.5%, and 21.5%, respectively; all p>0.05). Complete success rates were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2: for intraocular pressure <18 mmHg (76.2% vs. 47.7%), intraocular pressure <15 mmHg (73.3% vs. 40.0%), and intraocular pressure <12 mmHg (14.3% vs. 4.6%). The mean reduction in medication use was higher in Group 1 than in Group 2. At the end of follow-up, 79.0% of eyes in Group 1 and 47.7% of eyes in Group 2 became medication-free. CONCLUSIONS: Both groups showed high qualified success rates, but eyes with baseline pharmacologically controlled intraocular pressure <18 mmHg showed higher complete success rates and greater chances of achieving no need for medications.

Analysis of the costs of the basic care line for sickle cell disease in Brazilian children under 5 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and estimate the cost of basic care in sickle cell disease (SCD) for patients under five years of age, within the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS) and to discuss the costs related to possible complications of the disease from the literature. METHODS: The main management and conduct recommendations in the SCD up to five years of age, with healthy and baseline health status, were extracted from the Basic Guidelines of the Care Line in the SCD of the Ministry of Health. Systematic data regarding costs of medicines were extracted from the Medicine Market Regulation Chamber. The SUS Table of Procedures, Medicines and Orthotics, Prosthetics and Auxiliary Means of Movement Management System was the guide for the values of complementary exams, as well as for medical consultations. The values applied to calculate the vaccination schedule were extracted from the Pan American Health Organization, adopting the perspective of the SUS-paying costs. RESULTS: The total cost obtained for basic care of SCD in children up to five years of age, including the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, immunizations and the performance of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the prevention and early detection of cerebrovascular accidents was, on average, $1020.96. CONCLUSION: The cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis in SCD, up to five years of age, exceeds the expenses resulting from hospitalizations due to complications of the disease. The study of expenses associated with SCD could be used to establish public policies, improve prevention strategies and treat the symptoms and complications of the disease.

The Burden of Stroke in the Southeast Region of Brazil in 2019: an Estimate Based on Secondary Data from the Brazilian United Health System

Abstract Background: Stroke is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the Southeast Region of Brazil, and it is impacted by socioeconomic conditions and the age of the population in the region. Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of stroke in the adult population, for both sexes, in different age groups, in the Southeast Region of Brazil, in the year 2019. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with secondary data on stroke, obtained from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), to calculate years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Results: In the year 2019, in the Southeast Region of Brazil, a total of 713,132 DALY were estimated, 80% from YLD and 20% from YLL. The highest values were from the state of São Paulo, as it is the most populous state; in the female sex, due to the greater number of female inhabitants; and in the age group between 40 and 59 years. However, when adjusted to a rate of 100,000 inhabitants, the greatest impact was for the male sex in the state of Minas Gerais, mainly in the age group between 70 and 79 years. Conclusions: YLD were more relevant in the composition of DALY, due to higher stroke morbidity than mortality, and high stroke DALY burdens impact the economically active population in this region.

Custo-utilidade do tratamento primário não farmacológico do glaucoma de ângulo aberto / Cost-utility of primary non-pharmacological treatment of open-angle glaucoma

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto econômico de iniciar o tratamento do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto com estratégias não farmacológicas nos centros de referência para o tratamento do glaucoma no Sistema Único de Saúde. Métodos: A população foi oriunda de uma coorte hipotética de pacientes aos 60 anos de idade, portadores de glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto inicial. A estratégia 1 se baseou apenas em uso de colírios. As estratégias 2 e 3 tiveram como tratamento inicial a trabeculoplastia seletiva a laser. Na estratégia 2, após a falência do laser, foi realizado o implante de dispositivo trabecular (iStent inject®), seguido de uso de colírios. A estratégia 3 iniciou-se com o tratamento medicamentoso logo após a falência do laser. O modelo desenvolvido foi o de Markov. Foi usada a razão de custo-utilidade incremental como medida de desfecho. Resultados: As estratégias 2 e 3 geraram ganho de qualidade de vida e foram dominantes em relação à estratégia 1, sendo mais efetivas e baratas. Porém a relação custo-efetividade da estratégia 2 sofreu um impacto significativo, de acordo com a idade de entrada no modelo. Conclusão: As estratégias não farmacológicas do glaucoma primário de ângulo aberto inicial foram custo-efetivas sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde em um horizonte da expectativa de vida da população.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the economic impact of starting the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma with non-pharmacological strategies within the scope of reference centers for the treatment of glaucoma in the Unified Health System. Methods: The population of this study comes from a hypothetical cohort of patients aged 60 years with initial primary open angle glaucoma. The reference strategy (strategy 1) is based only on the use of eye drops, following the guidelines of the clinical protocol of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Strategies 2 and 3 have the same initial treatment, with selective laser trabeculoplasty. In strategy 2, after laser failure, a trabecular device (iStent inject®) is implanted, followed by the use of eye drops as needed, and in strategy 3, it starts with the drug treatment right after the failure of the laser. The model developed for the cost-utility analysis was the Markov model. The incremental cost-utility ratio was used as an outcome measure. Results: Strategies 2 and 3 generated a gain in quality of life and were dominant over strategy 1, being at the same time more effective and less costly in relation to clinical treatment. The two non-pharmacological strategies (2 and 3) proved to be cost-effective; however, the cost-effectiveness of strategy 2 suffers a significant impact according to the age of entry into the model. Conclusion: It is concluded that the initial non-pharmacological treatment strategies of the initial primary open angle glaucoma are cost-effective from the perspective of the Unified Health System in a horizon of the life expectancy of the population.

Percepção dos cuidados e atenção com a saúde ocular da população brasileira / Perception of care and attention with the eye health of the Brazilian population

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a percepção e as atitudes da população brasileira a respeito dos cuidados e da atenção com a saúde ocular. Métodos Realizou-se um estudo transversal. A amostra foi aleatória e calculada para ser representativa da população brasileira. A coleta dos dados foi feita por empresa especializada em levantamentos populacionais, por meio de contato telefônico, por equipe treinada. O questionário foi estruturado com perguntas objetivas sobre os hábitos com a saúde ocular dos entrevistados. Todas as entrevistas foram gravadas e revisadas. Resultados A população de estudo foi de 2.132 pessoas. O perfil da amostra foi semelhante ao da população brasileira. Entre os entrevistados, 11,4% nunca tinham ido ao oftalmologista, 35% só o procuravam quando havia algum sintoma ocular ou visual, e 29,5% foram ao oftalmologista há mais de 2 anos. Pouco mais da metade dos entrevistados (55,8%) declarou ter algum problema de visão, e a miopia foi autodeclarada por quase metade dos entrevistados (43,2%), com proporção ainda maior nos jovens e naqueles com maior escolaridade. Dos entrevistados, 11,0% relataram já ter comprado óculos de grau sem prescrição médica, e 9,8% faziam ou já tinham feito uso de colírios sem prescrição médica, com proporção mais elevada nos autodeclarados indígenas e naqueles com menor escolaridade. Catarata e glaucoma apareceram como os problemas visuais mais frequentes na população acima de 50 anos. O tabagismo foi o principal fator de risco para o autodeclarado problema visual. Conclusão Obteve-se, nesta pesquisa, um retrato dos hábitos com relação à saúde ocular da população brasileira, que aponta para uma realidade em que parte dos brasileiros nunca foi ao oftalmologista e fazia uso de óculos e colírios sem a devida prescrição médica. Identificaram-se, ainda, os grupos populacionais mais propensos para problemas visuais e as populações mais vulneráveis e com maior dificuldade de acesso ao oftalmologista.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the perception and attitudes of the Brazilian population regarding eye health care. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was random and calculated to be representative of the Brazilian population. Data collection was carried out by a specialized company, through telephone calls, by trained staff. The questionnaire was structured with objective questions about the eye health habits of the interviewees. All interviews were recorded and reviewed. Results The study population was 2132 people. The sample profile was similar to that of the Brazilian population. Among those interviewed, 11.4% had never been to an ophthalmologist, 35% only went to see one when facing an eye or visual symptom, and 29.5% had been to an ophthalmologist for more than 2 years. Just over half of the interviewees (55.8%) declared that they had a vision problem and myopia was self-declared by almost half of the interviewees (43.2%), with an even higher proportion among young people and those with higher education. Of those interviewed, 11.0% reported having already purchased prescription glasses without a medical prescription and 9.8% use or have used eye drops without a medical prescription, with a higher proportion among self-declared indigenous people and those with less education. Cataracts and glaucoma appeared as the most frequent visual problems in the population over 50 years old. Smoking was the main risk factor for self-declared visual problems. Conclusion In this research, we obtained a portrait of the eye health habits and attitudes of the Brazilian population, which points to a reality in which a great number of Brazilians have never been to the ophthalmologist and used glasses and eye drops without a proper medical prescription. The population groups most prone to visual problems and the most vulnerable populations with greater difficulty in accessing the ophthalmologist were also identified.

Hospitalizations by Primary Care Sensitive Conditions: prevalence and costs in the state of Minas Gerais / Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária: prevalência e gastos no estado de Minas Gerais

Resumo Objetivo analisar a prevalência e os gastos com Internações por Condições Sensíveis à Atenção Primária (ICSAP) em Minas Gerais (MG). Método estudo ecológico que analisou internações hospitalares e variáveis de estrutura de serviços em 2009 e 2014. As ICSAP, selecionadas pela Lista Brasileira (2008), foram estudadas nas populações infantil e idosa em relação à prevalência e gastos. A análise estatística entre ICSAP e variáveis de estrutura foi feita pela correlação de Pearson (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados taxas de ICSAP/1.000 habitantes foram reduzidas nas populações infantil e idosa, enquanto gastos totais aumentaram somente para os idosos. Insuficiência cardíaca foi a principal causa para idosos, enquanto pneumonias bacterianas e gastroenterites, para crianças. A cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) associou-se estatisticamente com ICSAP em 2009 (p = 0,028) e em 2014 (p = 0,006). Conclusão a expansão da cobertura pela ESF, associada à redução das ICSAP em Minas Gerais, também encontrada em outros estudos, ressalta a importância da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na coordenação do cuidado e ordenação das redes de atenção, contribuindo para o acesso universal e integral do usuário aos serviços. Conhecer a prevalência e os gastos com ICSAP viabiliza a discussão sobre os recursos financeiros disponíveis para a APS.

Abstract Background to analyze the prevalence and costs of hospitalizations by Primary Care Sensitive Conditions (HPCSC) in Minas Gerais (MG). Method ecological study analyzing hospital admissions and service structure variables in 2009 and 2014. Based on the Brazilian List (2008), the HPCSC were selected for the study of the infant and elderly populations concerning prevalence and costs. The Pearson's correlation test (p≤0.05) was used for the statistical analysis between the HPCSC and structure variables. Results lower rates of HPCSC/1000 residents both for the infant and elderly populations and total higher costs only for the elderly. The leading hospitalization causes were heart Failure for the elderly and Bacterial Pneumonias and Gastroenteritis for the children. The coverage by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was statistically associated with HPCSC in 2009 (p = 0.028) and 2014 (p = 0.006). Conclusion like in previous studies, a larger FHS coverage associated with a lower HPCSC rate in MG highlights the importance of PHC in coordinating care and organizing care networks, contributing to the user's universal and integral access to services. Learning the prevalence and costs of the HPCSC allows for discussing the financial resources available to the PHC.

Xantelasma palpebral: tratamento cirúrgico como primeira escolha / Eyelid Xanthelasma: surgical treatment as the first choice

Introdução: O xantelasma palpebral é a forma mais comum de xantoma cutâneo, caracterizado por placas amareladas localizadas na pele das pálpebras. Apesar de ser uma condição benigna e não cursar com limitação funcional, é uma importante queixa estética que tem impacto na vida social e emocional do portador. Existem opções terapêuticas clínicas, mas a abordagem mais difundida é a cirúrgica com excisão das lesões, procedimento simples, com poucas complicações e menores taxas de recidivas locais. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o tratamento cirúrgico do xantelasma palpebral, avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes no pós-operatório e as taxas de recidivas pós-cirúrgicas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo realizado com uma amostra de 25 pacientes submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de xantelasmas palpebrais. O acompanhamento pós-operatório foi realizado em intervalos de 7 dias, 30 dias, 90 dias e 12 meses com entrevista, exame físico e aplicação de questionário que contemplaram identificação de recidivas locais, complicações pós-operatórias e satisfação com o resultado estético. Resultados: Quatro pacientes evoluíram com recidiva local e apenas dois pacientes manifestaram insatisfação com o resultado estético após o desfecho final. Em nenhum paciente submetido a ressecção cirúrgica das lesões associadas à autoenxertia foi observada recorrência ou insatisfação com o resultado estético. Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico como primeira opção na abordagem terapêutica dos xantelasmas palpebrais deve ser considerado, visto o impacto estético e psicológico de tal afecção. É uma técnica simples, de fácil aplicação e reprodutibilidade, eficaz, segura, com relevantes taxas de satisfação e baixa ocorrência de recidivas.

Introduction: Eyelid xanthelasma is the most common form of cutaneous xanthoma, characterized by yellowish patches on the eyelid's skin. Despite being a benign condition and not presenting with functional limitations, it is an important aesthetic complaint that impacts the patient's social and emotional life. There are clinical therapeutic options, but the most widespread approach is the surgical approach with excision of the lesions, a simple procedure with few complications and lower local recurrence rates. This study aims to describe the surgical treatment of palpebral xanthelasma, to assess postoperative patient satisfaction and post-surgical recurrence rates. Methods: This is a retrospective study with a sample of 25 patients undergoing surgical treatment of eyelid xanthelasmas. Postoperative follow-up was performed at intervals of 7 days, 30 days, 90 days and 12 months with an interview, physical examination and application of a questionnaire that included the identification of local recurrences, postoperative complications and satisfaction with the aesthetic result. Results: Four patients evolved with local recurrence, and only two expressed dissatisfaction with the aesthetic result after the outcome. No patient who underwent surgical resection of lesions associated with autograft recurrence or dissatisfaction with the aesthetic result was observed. Conclusions: Surgical treatment as the first option in the therapeutic approach of eyelid xanthelasmas should be considered, given the aesthetic and psychological impact of such a condition. It is a simple technique, easy to apply and reproducible, effective, and safe, with relevant satisfaction rates and low recurrences.

Space-time distribution of urinary incontinence outpatient production in men, Brazil, 2010-2019. / Distribuição espaço-temporal da produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens, Brasil, 2010-2019.

OBJETIVE: To estimate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of urinary incontinence outpatient production in men in Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological time series study of Brazil and its regions, from 2010-2019, using data from the Brazilian National Health System Outpatient Information System. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the temporal trend in Brazil as a whole and by region. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to forecast the trend until 2024. RESULTS: In 2010, 3,457 outpatient appointments for urinary incontinence in men were registered, rising to 16,765 in 2019, revealing a rising temporal trend [annual percentage change = 50.37%; 95% confidence interval (95%IC) 37.54;63.62]; and a forecast of growth for the period 2020-2024 (final ARIMA model: 1, 1, 0). The spatial distribution of urinary incontinence rates varied between the country's macro-regions. CONCLUSION: There was a rising temporal trend in urinary incontinence outpatient production in men in Brazil between 2010-2019 with growth forecast until 2024. The highest rates occurred in the Southeast region and the highest increase was found in the Southern region.

Space-time distribution of outpatient production for urinary incontinence in men, Brazil, 2010-2019 / Distribución espacio-temporal de la producción ambulatoria de incontinencia urinaria en hombres, Brasil, 2010-2019 / Distribuição espaço-temporal da produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens, Brasil, 2010-201

Objective: To estimate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of outpatient production for urinary incontinence in men in Brazil. Methods: Time-series ecological study for Brazil and regions, from 2010-2019. These data were obtained in the Unified Health System Outpatient Information System. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the temporal trend in the country and by region. To forecast the trend until 2024 the integrated autoregressive model of moving averages was used. Results: There were 3,457 outpatient care for urinary incontinence in men registered in 2010 to 16,765 in 2019, an increasing temporal trend was observed in Brazil, with an annual percent change of 50.37% and a confidence interval of 95% (37.54%;63.62%); and a growth forecast between the years 2020-2024, by the final model ARIMA (1, 1, 0). The spatial distribution of urinary incontinence presented variation in rates for the geographic regions of Brazil. Conclusion: There was an increasing temporal trend in outpatient production for urinary incontinence in men in Brazil between 2010-2019 and a growth forecast until 2024. The highest rates occurred in the Southeast region and the highest increase in the South region.

Objetivo: Estimar la tendencia temporal y la distribución espacial de la producción ambulatoria para incontinencia urinaria en hombres en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de serie temporal para Brasil y las regiones, en 2010-2019. Los datos fueron obtenidos el Sistema de Informaciones Ambulatorias del Sistema Único de Salud. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para analizar la tendencia temporal en el país y por región. Para previsión de la tendencia hasta 2024 fue utilizado el modelo autorregresivo integrado de promedio móvil. Resultados: Fueron registrados 3.457 procedimientos ambulatorios para incontinencia urinaria en hombres en 2010, para 16.765 en 2019, observando una tendencia creciente de Brasil, con variación porcentual anual del 50, 37% y intervalo de confianza del 95% (37,54%;63,62%). Y, una previsión de crecimiento. entre los años 2020-2024, el modelo final ARIMA (1, 1, 0). La distribución espacial para incontinencia urinaria mostró variación en las tasas para las regiones geográficas de Brasil. Conclusión: Fue encontrado una tendencia temporal creciente la producción ambulatoria para incontinencia urinaria en hombres em Brasil entre 2010-2019 y una previsión de crecimiento hasta 2024. Las tasas más altas ocurrieron en la región Sureste y el mayor incremento en la región Sur.

Objetivo: Estimar a tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal do país e macrorregiões, em 2010-2019, sobre dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Utilizou-se regressão de Prais-Winsten para análise da tendência temporal no país/macrorregiões; e para previsão até 2024, o modelo autoregressivo integrado de médias móveis. Resultados: em 2010, foram registrados 3.457 procedimentos ambulatoriais para incontinência urinária em homens e, em 2019, 16.765, revelando tendência temporal crescente (variação percentual anual = 50,37% ­ intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] ­ 37,54;63,62%), com previsão de crescimento para 2020-2024 (modelo final ARIMA: 1, 1, 0); a distribuição espacial apresentou variação nas taxas, entre macrorregiões. Conclusão: Verificou-se tendência temporal crescente na produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens brasileiros, no período, com maiores taxas no Sudeste e maior elevação no Sul, em previsão de crescimento até 2024.

Análise de custo-efetividade do uso de inibidores da via de sinalização mTOR x micofenolato em receptores de transplante renal sem profilaxia para citomegalovírus s / Cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors x mycophenolate in kidney transplantation recipients without cytomegalovirus prophylaxis

Objetivo: Avaliar a relação de custo-efetividade dos regimes imunossupressores utilizados em pacientes receptores de transplante renal, no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Juiz de Fora, MG, basiliximabe, micofenolato de sódio, tacrolimo e prednisona (Grupo 1 = 93 pacientes), comparados com a associação de timoglobulina, everolimo, tacrolimo e prednisona (Grupo 2 = 91 pacientes). Métodos: Para a análise farmacoeconômica, foi utilizado o modelo de Árvore de Decisão, desenvolvido no software Treeage Suite 2011. Foi considerada uma coorte real de pacientes submetidos ao transplante renal entre janeiro de 2013 e março de 2017, os quais foram acompanhados por um período de um ano, sendo mensurados os benefícios clínicos, bem como os custos associados, na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde. O método de custeio utilizado foi o botton-up. Foram adotados os limiares de custo-efetividade (LCEs) equivalentes a 1 PIB per capita e 1 a 3 PIB, considerando o ano de 2017. Resultados: No que diz respeito à sobrevida, a RCEI foi de cerca de R$ 214.234,12 para 1 ano de vida ganho. Em relação aos eventos adversos, a RCEI foi de cerca de R$ 43.682,98 para 1 ano sem incidência de eventos adversos. Conclusões: Ao avaliar a sobrevida e a incidência de eventos adversos, timoglobulina+everolimo não é considerado custo-efetivo em relação ao esquema contendo basiliximabe+micofenolato de sódio diante do LCE de 1 PIB per capita. No entanto, ao adotarmos o LCE até 3 PIB per capita, o regime contendo moglobulina+everolimo é custo-efetivo, ultrapassando cerca de 38% do PIB per capita.

Objective: Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immunosuppressive regimens used in kidney transplant recipients at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Hospital in Juiz de Fora, MG, compared with basiliximab, mycophenolate sodium, tacrolimus and prednisone (Group 1 = 93 patients) with the association of thymoglobulin, everolimus, tacrolimus and prednisone (Group 2 = 91 patients). Methods: For the pharmacoeconomic analysis, the Decision Tree model was used, developed in the TreeAge Suite 2011 software. A real cohort of patients undergoing kidney transplantation between January 2013 and March 2017 was considered, they were followed up for a period of 1 year, where the clinical benefits were measured, as well as the associated costs, from the perspective

Análise do impacto das ações judiciais em um setor de referência de um hospital de grande porte de Juiz de Fora / Analysis of the impact of legal actions on a reference sector of a large hospital in Juiz de Fora

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto das ações judiciais no setor de ortopedia da Santa Casa de Juiz de Fora/MG. Métodos: Foi realizada análise dos prontuários dos pacientes que passaram por cirurgia no setor de ortopedia da Santa Casa de Juiz de Fora no ano de 2016. E, logo após, os pacientes advindos de ação judicial foram identificados, dividindo-se, assim, a amostra em dois grupos. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo e idade do paciente; tempo de internação, desfecho e custos, os quais foram desmembrados em diárias, honorários, procedimentos e materiais e medicamentos. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que os pacientes que realizaram cirurgias por via judicial são, em sua maioria, idosos, com leve predominância do sexo masculino. A maior das demandas é para a garantia de cirurgias do sistema osteomuscular de membros inferiores, representando 65,9% das cirurgias realizadas por ação judicial em 2016, que também são as cirurgias mais demandadas por via convencional. O custo direto das cirurgias por processos judiciais foi estimado em R$ 2.340.301,68. As diárias apresentaram o maior custo, sendo responsáveis por 90,7% de todo o custo estimado. Conclusão: A judicialização neste estudo expõe deficiências do Sistema Único de Saúde quanto à oferta de serviços, uma vez que todas as cirurgias demandadas por meio de ação judicial já são contempladas pelo sistema público de saúde. Assim, os aspectos judiciais da saúde, tais como a individualidade e os prazos para cumprimento, prevalecem sobre o coletivo e os que esperam nas filas.

Objective: Evaluate the impact of legal actions in the orthopedic sector of Santa Casa de Juiz de Fora/MG. Methods: An analysis was carried out of the medical records of patients who underwent surgery in the orthopedic sector of Santa Casa de Juiz de Fora in the year 2016. Soon afterwards, patients from a judicial action were identified, thus dividing the sample into two groups. The analyzed variables were: sex and age of the patient; time of hospitalization, outcome and costs, which were broken down into: daily, fees, procedures and materials and medicines. Results: The results showed that patients who underwent surgeries by judicial means are mostly elderly, with a slight predominance of males. The largest of the demands is to guarantee osteomuscular lower limb surgeries, accounting for 65.9% of surgeries performed by lawsuit in 2016, which are also the most commonly performed surgeries. The direct cost of surgeries for legal proceedings was estimated at R$ 2,340,301.68. The daily costs were those that presented the highest cost, accounting for 90.7% of the estimated cost. Conclusion: The judicialization in this study exposes deficiencies of the Unified Health System regarding the offer of services, once all the surgeries demanded by lawsuit are already contemplated by the public health system. Thus, the judicial aspects of health, such as: individuality and deadlines for compliance prevail over the collective and those waiting in the queues.

Standalone Implantation of 2-3 Trabecular Micro-Bypass Stents (iStent inject ± iStent) as an Alternative to Trabeculectomy for Moderate-to-Severe Glaucoma.

INTRODUCTION: This retrospective consecutive study compared standalone implantation of multiple (2-3) trabecular micro-bypass stents (iStent inject ± iStent) (Multi-Stent group) vs trabeculectomy + mitomycin C (Trab group) in moderate to severe open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS: Eligible patients underwent Multi-Stent or Trab surgery from 2018 to 2020 and had at least 3-month follow-up; visual field mean deviation (VF MD) - 6 dB or worse; inadequate prior response to maximum medications ± laser procedures; and had trabeculectomy as their next planned intervention. Primary effectiveness, safety-adjusted treatment success, was defined as ≥ 20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction on the same or fewer medications, without clinically significant safety events (severe complications, secondary surgeries, reinterventions). Secondary effectiveness included mean IOP and medications; qualified and complete attainment of target IOP (≤ 21/18/15/12 mmHg and > 6 mmHg); health-economic and quality-of-life (QoL) measures; and 2-vs-3-stent subgroup analysis. RESULTS: The baseline groups (n = 70 Multi-Stent/40 Trab) were similar: mean IOP (21.1 mmHg/22.3 mmHg); medications (2.87/3.10 medications); disease stage (30%/35% severe); VF MD (- 10.1 dB/- 10.4 dB); and mean last follow-up (LFU, 13.1 months/15.7 months) (all differences non-significant). Primary effectiveness: treatment success at LFU was 62.9% vs 30.0% in Multi-Stent vs Trab eyes, respectively (p = 0.001). Secondary effectiveness: At LFU in Multi-Stent vs Trab groups, respectively: mean IOP decreased by 31% to 14.2 mmHg (p < 0.001) vs by 43% to 12.5 mmHg (p < 0.001); mean medications decreased by 51% to 1.31 medications (p < 0.001) vs by 84% to 0.43 medications (p < 0.001). Multi-Stent eyes, compared to Trab eyes, had fewer visits ± reinterventions within 3 months (3.6 vs 6.1, p < 0.001); longer time to first reintervention (12.2 months vs 4.5 months, p = 0.01); fewer total reinterventions (0.26 vs 0.75, p = 0.006); and earlier lifting of postoperative restrictions (12.6 vs 32.1 days, p < 0.001). In 2-vs-3-stent analysis, there was a trend toward more 3-stent eyes achieving target IOP than 2-stent eyes. Visual fields remained stable in both Multi-Stent and Trab eyes. CONCLUSION: Implanting 2-3 trabecular micro-bypass stents was a viable alternative to trabeculectomy for moderate-to-severe OAG, with clinically appropriate IOP/medication reductions and higher safety-adjusted treatment success vs trabeculectomy.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens, Brasil, 2010-2019 / Distribución espacio-temporal de la producción ambulatoria para la incontinencia urinaria en hombres, Brasil, 2010-2019 / Space-time distribution of urinary incontinence outpatient production in men, Brazil, 2010-2019

Objetivo: Estimar a tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal do país e macrorregiões, de 2010 a 2019, sobre dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram utilizados a regressão de Prais-Winsten para análise da tendência temporal no país/macrorregiões e, para previsão até 2024, o modelo autorregressivo integrado de médias móveis. Resultados: Em 2010, foram registrados 3.457 procedimentos ambulatoriais para incontinência urinária em homens e, em 2019, 16.765, revelando tendência temporal crescente [variação percentual anual = 50,37%; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 37,54;63,62], com previsão de crescimento para 2020-2024 (modelo final ARIMA: 1, 1, 0). A distribuição espacial apresentou variação nas taxas entre as macrorregiões. Conclusão: Verificou-se tendência temporal crescente na produção ambulatorial para incontinência urinária em homens brasileiros entre 2010 e 2019 e previsão de crescimento até 2024. As maiores taxas foram encontradas no Sudeste, e a maior elevação, no Sul.

Objetivo: Estimar la tendencia temporal y la distribución espacial de la producción ambulatoria para incontinencia urinaria en hombres en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de serie temporal para Brasil y las macrorregiones, en 2010-2019. Los datos fueron obtenidos en el Sistema de Informaciones Ambulatorias del Sistema Único de Salud. Se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para analizar la tendencia temporal en el país y por las regiones. Para previsión de la tendencia hasta 2024, fue utilizado el modelo autorregresivo integrado de promedio móvil. Resultados: En 2010, han sido registrados 3.457 procedimientos ambulatorios para incontinencia urinaria en hombres y, en 2019, 16.765, revelando una tendencia temporal creciente en Brasil (variación porcentual anual = 50,37%; intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 37,54;63,62], con previsión de crecimiento para 2020-2024 (modelo final ARIMA 1, 1, 0). La distribución espacial para incontinencia urinaria mostró variación en las tasas de las macrorregiones geográficas de Brasil. Conclusión: En el periodo, se constató tendencia temporal creciente en la producción ambulatoria para incontinencia urinaria en hombres en Brasil entre 2010-2019 y una previsión de crecimiento hasta 2024. Las tasas más altas ocurrieron en la región Sureste y con mayor incremento en la región Sur.

Objetive: To estimate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of urinary incontinence outpatient production in men in Brazil. Methods: This was an ecological time series study of Brazil and its regions, from 2010-2019, using data from the Brazilian National Health System Outpatient Information System. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the temporal trend in Brazil as a whole and by region. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to forecast the trend until 2024. Results: In 2010, 3,457 outpatient appointments for urinary incontinence in men were registered, rising to 16,765 in 2019, revealing a rising temporal trend [annual percentage change = 50.37%; 95% confidence interval (95%IC) 37.54;63.62]; and a forecast of growth for the period 2020-2024 (final ARIMA model: 1, 1, 0). The spatial distribution of urinary incontinence rates varied between the country's macro-regions. Conclusion: There was a rising temporal trend in urinary incontinence outpatient production in men in Brazil between 2010-2019 with growth forecast until 2024. The highest rates occurred in the Southeast region and the highest increase was found in the Southern region.